What Is Stockholder And Stakeholder - 1435 Words

Define stockholder and stakeholder. What is the difference between the two? Stakeholders: People or gatherings with an intrigue, claim, or stake in the organization. There are two sorts of stakeholders which we need to comprehend what they are. Internal stakeholders: Stockholders and representatives, including official officers, different chiefs, and board individuals. External stakeholders: Every single other individual and gatherings that have some claim on the organization. Stockholders get an arrival on venture from profit installments and capital gratefulness in the market estimation of a share. Here for this terms, stock holders are the ones who claims no less than one share of stock in an organization. Furthermore, there is another name for this stockholders, which is normally called as Shareholders. At the point when going to the principle contrast between these two holders, stake holder is the primary concern which has each one inside it. Like it can be said as all the stock holders are stake holders too yet not all partners are stock holders. Stakeholders incorporate Shareholders, Customers, and Debenture holders, Employees, Government, Suppliers and Creditors and so on. What s more, the stakeholders enforce on execution of the organization. While the stockholders or shareholders incorporates Equity shareholders and inclination shareholders. What s more, they concentrate on degree of profitability. 2. What process does a company go through to respond toShow MoreRelatedCorporate Management Theories1721 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex adaptive system comprised of definable subsystems, called stakeholders. A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals that either benefits or suffers as a result of the actions of that corporation. Therefore, the modern corporation is essentially a set of contracts or agreements between various stakeholder groups. The corporate stakeholder groups, engaged in this bargaining process typically include: stockholders, employees, consumers, suppliers, financiers, and local communitiesRead MoreEssay about Lockheed Martin Stakeholder Analysis1328 Words   |  6 Pages| Stakeholder Analysis | Lockheed Martin | Matthew Vogt | | 4/27/2010 | The analysis of Lockheed Martin and it’s affect on stakeholders. Corporations have impacts on a variety of people ranging from shareholders, to governments, to ordinary citizens. This paper analyzes the impact Lockheed Martin has on all stakeholders, both positive and negative. | Matthew Vogt Business, Government and Society 26 April 2010 Lockheed Martin: Stakeholder Analysis What is a stakeholder? ARead MoreCapitalism And Managers Capitalism1598 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribes. In order for the differentiation to be clear, we must understand what Bogle is saying in his descriptions of the two types of capitalism. First, owner’s capitalism says that the owner(s) of the company have one basic goal, and that is to make a profit, benefiting the owners in a way so to make a return on their investment into the company. So if the idea of capitalism is to make a profit for the company as a whole, then what is manager’s capitalism, and how did it originate? Bogle describes aRead MoreThe Leadership Of A Company1180 Words   |  5 PagesVarious stakeholder groups may possess the power to impact the success of a company. This is why it’s extremely important for business leaders to consider the company’s stakeholders during the decision making process, and to fully understand how a decision may impact the stakeholder’s value in the company. A stakeholde r’s value is defined differently amongst the various stakeholder groups, and will depend upon what they are willing to sacrifice in the pursuit of the value they seek. For example,Read MoreDifference Between Stockholder And Stakeholders1053 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 11 1. What is the difference between stockholder and stakeholders to a company A company’s stakeholders are individuals or groups with an interest, claim, or stake in the company, in what it does, and in how well it performs. They include stockholders, creditors, employee customers, the communities in which the company does business, and the general public. A company’s stockholders are usually put in a different class from other stakeholder groups, and for good reason. Stockholders are legalRead MoreThe Adelphia Scandal Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pageschapter 11 bankruptcy and as of April 24, 2004, the new board of directors made the decision to break up the company and sell it. The Adelphia scandal is morally wrong because the Rigas family coerced and exploited employees, harmed all stakeholders as well as stockholders, and had a negative impact on the cable industry as a whole. The word exploit means to use unfairly for ones own advantage (Mish 267). The Rigas family exploited and coerced employees by stealing $3.1 billion from the AdelphiaRead MoreStakeholder Theory : Managing A Firm Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagestwentieth century, different ideas became popular about how best to manage a firm. The first theory which emerged was Stockholder theory, which encouraged managers to act as agents for the company’s legal owners: it’s stockholders. This theory held that it was the function of a firm to act in the best interests of its owners by focusing on maximizing profits. Ensuring that the stockholders’ investments paid off was the fiduciary duty of the managers of this firm. However, some managers did not feel thisRead MoreWhat Are The Fundamental Types Of Decisions That Financial Managers Make And Identify Part Of The Balance Sheet?1187 Words   |  5 PagesFinancing†¨: Financing is the decision of how to pay for both short-te rm and long-term assets. That helps a determination how much for each term debt and equity the best would be. Long-term debt and Stockholders’ equity are regarded as the parts of Financing. †¨3)Working Capital†¨: Working Capital is considering what the best way would be in terms of a management for short-term resources and obligations. The concept of this decision focuses on if it is possible to maintain enough capital for payments of itsRead MoreStakeholder vs Stockholder Theory1138 Words   |  5 PagesLarry Chapman Business Ethics Exam Two The Stakeholder theory of a firm is made up into equal percentages on a pie chart, which is made up of Financials, Suppliers, Employees, Customers and Communities. The Stockholder theory of a firm is made up by a pyramid structure consisting of Labor, Management, CEO, Board and Stockholders. I believe the Stakeholder theory is less ethical than the stockholder theory in terms of Libertarianism and Egoism. Libertarianism view points are that there is noRead MoreSocial Performance1544 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 1: Social Performance Describe your company and analyze the various primary and secondary stakeholder groups, their roles, and relationships. The company I decided to research is SunTrust Banks, Inc. SunTrust Bank, Inc operates more than 1,650 branches in about a dozen southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States. The bank offers retail and commercial services such as credit, deposit, and investment services. SunTrust also operates with subsidiaries that offer mortgage, wealth and

The Risk Factors Associated With Hypertension Essay

A cohort study (article 1) and case study (article 2) that focused on the risk factors associated with hypertension were selected to be compared and contrasted. The cohort study was the first article I was able to read and looked at the relation of several sociodemographic, behavioral, and biochemical parameters on the number of hypertensions incidence among the group of subjects from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Ford Cooper, 1991). The subjects were separated into four main groups being that of black males (n=231), white males (n=2,370), black females (n=523) and white females (n=3,949) with a combined subject number of 14,407 (ages 25-74 years old) with an average follow up of 10 years (Ford Cooper, 1991). By design various subgroups of the total number of subjects completed different study components and questionnaires, which meant that not all of the information was available for each respondent. An example of this was given by the study, which stated that dietary data available was only available for 11,348 subjects, serum potassium and sodium data for only 3,059 participants, whereas serum magnesium data were available for all participants (Ford Cooper, 1991). The study also looked at independent variables, which included age, income, education, body mass index etc. along with dietary sub-analysis and continues variables all shown in table 1 (Ford Cooper, 1991). This study found that the predictors (body mass index and education) wereShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Case Study Essay678 Words   |  3 Pageswith primary hypertension and diabetes mellitus. He is currently taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and following a salt-restricted weight loss diet. He is about 30 pounds over his ideal weight. At his clinic visit his blood pressure is noted to be 135/96. His heart rate is 70 beats/min. He has no complaints. His wife brought a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope with her in the hope of learning to tak e her husband’s blood pressure at home. What risk factors for primary hypertensionRead MoreEffects Of Hypertension On High Blood Pressure999 Words   |  4 Pages1DEFINITION: Hypertension has been defined as systolic pressure 140mmhg and diastolic pressure 90mmhg based on the average of two or more correct blood pressure measurement taken during two or more contacts with a health care provider (Chobania et al,2003). 2.2.2 CLASSIFICATION: It has been classified by the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention ,Detection, Evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure(JNC, 2003) TYPE MEASUREMENT(mmHg) Normal 120/80 Pre-hypertension 120/80-139/89Read MorePregnancy Induced Hypertension1243 Words   |  5 PagesMETHYLDOPA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION Contents Introduction Risk factors for the development of hypertension in pregnancy Endothelial dysfunction- a key mechanism in pathogenesis of preeclampsia Management of hypertension in pregnancy Methyldopa in management of hypertension in pregnancy Effects of methyldopa for hypertension in pregnancy- evidence based studies Summary References Introduction Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is defined as diastolic blood pressure 90mmRead MoreThe Synthesis Of Most Coagulation Factors And Inhibitors1103 Words   |  5 Pagescoagulation factors and inhibitors as well as fibrinolytic factors. The balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors is essential to prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels and to prevent spontaneous thrombosis(11).The global effect of liver disease with regard to hemostasis is therefore complex, so that patients with advanced liver disease can experience severe bleeding or even thrombotic complications(12).In our study as regards presence of co- morbid factors namely DM andRead MoreMaternal Obesity Induce Offspring with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease1700 Words   |  7 PagesMaternal obesity induce offspring with risk of cardiovascular disease Introduction: The rate of obesity for the human population has shown to be increased expeditiously in the past decades. It has continuously raised health concerns among the world, and is likely to remain in times to come. This phenomenon is primarily due to the lifestyle changes resulting in high-energy intake coupling with decreased physical activity (Cameron et al. 2003). Obesity is identified by the high adipose tissue,Read MoreHypertension: The Silent Killer Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageswas a 57-year-old male admitted with an acute exacerbation of COPD. The patient also had a history of hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. The patient is a smoker as well as his family. He has had many problems with trying smoking cessation for years. The patient also has a history of depression and anxiety. The patient has been on many medications to control his hypertension, but it is still out of the normal range. This man was in great need of nonpharmacological interventionRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease ( Cad ) Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesmortality and premature disability so studies investigated those at risk of coronary atherosclerosis so they can provide treatment early (Kolovou et al., 2005), (Akhabue et al., 2014) Among older population that are 65 years or older there is increased risk of development of coronary artery disease and also it is leading cause of death as it accounts for almost 50% of all deaths among older population (Kligman 1992). Recently risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) expanded to affects younger age causingRead MoreThe Causes Of Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCD )1117 Words   |  5 Pagesand chronic respiratory diseases (like asthma and chronic obstructive disease) are the main and most common types of NCDs affecting the global population (WHO, 2017). Hypertension is one type of NCD that also contributes to the burden of other NCDs like heart disease and stroke. Also called high or raised blood pressure, hypertension is where blood vessels are put under increased stress due to them having persistently raised pressure (Who.int, 2015). A raised or high blood pressure which is equalRead MoreClinical Management Of Pre Eclampsia1631 Words   |  7 Pagesutilised in the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. However, there is debate regarding the threshold for significance. The objective of this study was to determine which proteinuria threshold is important for the clinical management of pre-eclampsia in high-risk women, with the specific aim of assessing whether women with 300-499mg/24h of proteinuria could be considered suitable for outpatient management. This was achieved by evaluating incidence of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes against the differingRead MorePrevalence Of High Blood Pressure Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnosed hypertension can be attributed to varying combinations of genetic, environmental, and sociological factors (Blais, 2014). Specifically, dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity and aging population demographics can account for a significant amount of reported high blood pressure. In Canada, severe obesity has increased 4-fold over the past 3 decades (Padwal, 2016). Particularly in industrialized populations, weight gain has been shown to yield several risk factors of hypertension, such

Basketball Essay Example For Students

Basketball Essay Basketball Basketball was created a simple game. The primary objective was to place a ball, without dribbling, into a peach basket. However, like Darwins theory of man, basketball has evolved into the most exciting exhibition of athletic ability. Basketball has seen many rule changes, because of the increasing ability of the players. Basketball is a melting pot, where black, white, and European people excel. This is a sport that is color-blind. This sport requires complete control over ones body and mind. Pure strength is required to fight through opposing teams picks, and to gain position for rebounds. Speed is necessary to create space for a shot attempt or a pass. Concentration is vital to dribbling a ball up the court, with an opposing defender harassing you. With as much physical prowess that is required for success, basketball is a mental chess match. Thurber, make the smart play! yelled Coach Balderama all last season.This game is only ten percent physical as Dukes Coach K explains it. For those who deny the mental aspects of the game, John Stockton is an ideal example. He is not the fastest, strongest, or best player on the floor. Stockton uses angles and his understanding of basketball to quietly and consistently outplay much more talented opponents. There is a growing problem in the NBA, and it is evident in the Pop Warner leagues also. Basketball is not the same game it was ten years ago, and ESPNs Sportcenter, the lack of fundamentals, and the influx of teenagers into the professional ranks. Vince Carter on the baseline He raises up Boo-ya, all in Alonzo Mournings grill! States an exited Stuart Scott. Every day ESPN gathers the most amazing highlights from the games the night before, and creates a visually appealing collage. As a religious viewer I am fed a steady diet of no look passes, monstrous slam-dunks, and impossible fade-away shots that only NBA caliber players are capable of making. This, almost unknowingly, has assisted in creating a new mentality towards the sport. Last season I would find myself in situations where I was trying to execute a spectacular play, instead of completing the easy one. Why do I try to imitate the sweeping crossover dribble glorified by Allen Iverson? ESPN has made Playground basketball in style. Allen Iverson is the pioneer of this ghetto revolution. On the court his style is comparable to Pistol Pete on acid. He incorporates every means of Show-time, from hisdiamond-infested attire to his flashy antics off the court. He is from the ghetto, and ESPN exploits this dark horse image. Along with his Playground style, that ruins years of coaching fundamentals, he is involved in a thuggish lifestyle. Iverson, and many other players, are still young men who participate in smoking weed, beating women, and multiple other illegal activities constantly. ESPN receives the poli ce reports and bleeds the information to the public. Hoops Junkies, like myself, hear the information and we form opinions. Contrary to logical reasoning, ESPN makes me cheer a player for these normally condemnable acts. Latrell Sprewell attempted to asphyxiate his coach, and less that six months later he is praised like a man who found the cure for cancer. Players Realness lies in direct proportion with their lifestyle. American media wants the bad boys, because there is a more interesting behind them. With this going on, youths across the world are feed the message smoke weed, beat women, and most importantly forget the team concept and dunk the rock. ESPN is not the only source of blame for the non-existent morality of basketball, but I can directly link it to the American publics warped views and opinions of the professional basketball player. Since the induction of the three-point arc, basketball has changed. Players reason, why settle for a sure bank shot from seventeen feet when I can step back a couple of feet and be rewarded for an additional point. That is the modern mindset of basketball players, and I catch myself taking a tough three over an easy two for no apparent reason. Players, these days, are too talented. Back in the 70s Oscar Robertson was by far the most athletically gifted player, but today his talent would almost go unnoticed. The NBA players now are on constant training regim ens that are creating the most physically impressive athletes in the world. These athletes are constantly in season, but they are spending more time with their strength/conditioning coaches than their head coaches. Each player is an impressive physical specimen, and today players can jump higher and run faster than ever. This should create an ethereal flow to the game, because with all of the talent the game reasonably would be faster and more spectacular than ever before. Contrary to this assumption, lastseason the NBA had the lowest scoring average per game in many years. Coaches know that talent only gets you in the door, and the rest is complete dedication to the mental aspects of the game. Rick Pitino was an excellent college coach at Kentucky; here he benefited from his players superior talents. Now as the coach for the Boston Celtics his team consists of ex-Kentucky stars, but the results are opposite. His players lack elementary fundamentals such as teamwork, running a set o ffense, and the concept of team defense. Even with consistently losing seasons, players are not getting the picture. Michael Jordan was by leaps and bounds the most talented player on the floor. He, unlike his peers, chose to benefit from fundamentals and this allowed him to be the most dominant player of all time. Michael found the easiest way for himself to score, his unstoppable fade-away, and then focused his efforts on another aspect of the game. Coaches know that the lack of fundamentals are detrimental to the game, but no young, brash superstar wants to take time to learn the game when his talents alone will allow him to drive the most luxurious Lexus now. My junior year of high school my team played one of the perennial powerhouses, Elsik. We lost the game by a large amount of points, but what was most impressive was Rashard Lewis. He was drafted right out high school into the NBA. Considering that we were about the same age, I question how can he be ready for the NBA? I can barely handle college classes, and he is already started his career. Rashards skills were impressive, but he was undisciplined like all teenagers are. The league is flooded with his type; he skipped having possibly a historical college career to mold on the bench in the NBA. Rashard was not prepared for this level of competition, or the lifestyle and responsibility that accompany it. He was 18 years old with millions of dollars at his control, and he is expected to understand investing for the future. The league has a problem, and it first became an issue when Kevin Garnett decided he was NBA material. Although he and Kobe Bryant have been successful, they both acknowledge that college is the right option. These two are exceptions, because Jermaine Oneal, Al Harrington, and now Jonathan Bender are experiencing what the NBA is like off of the television. These kids are possibly ready physically, but mentally they are retarded. Every high school player who jumps straight to the NBA h as difficulties adjusting to the wild women of different cities, the power of their enormous salary, and the pressure to perform right away. Tim Duncan, as talented as any player to ever play the game, stayed in college four years and is a prime example of the benefits of maturity. He spent his time honing his talents to NBA caliber, and he educated himself about the game and life off of the court. Many of these players who jump to the pros after little or no college are ignorant. The NBA, these days, has a combined IQ of fifteen, and we wonder what is wrong. The NBA is in a limbo, and is tripping over its own clumsy feet. The game will not get better until the players improve their levels of play. But improvement comes with experience, and it is difficult for players to gain experience and confidence when they are only children trying to master a complex game. In conclusion, ESPNs Sportcenter, the lack of basic basketball fundamentals, and the decreasing age of players entering int o the league is a recipe for disaster. It is a cycle that is going to be hard to break. Todays kids are presented with options that are too difficult for them to comprehend. So instead of doing it the right way and going through school and listening to their coach, agents are give utter control over these exploited children. However, with all of the negatives surrounding the game, basketball will survive. David Stern is a competent commissioner and there is too much money involved for people to let the NBA self destruct.

The Debt An Economic Catastrophe Essay Example For Students

The Debt: An Economic Catastrophe Essay The Debt: An Economic CatastropheFew national economic issues have generated the same kind of concern as has thefederal debt problem of Canada. There is a pressing need for long-term policiesto lift Canada out of the national debt hole it is in. Eliminating the debtwill not only free up money being spent on interest and reduce taxes, but makeCanada a more feasible place for future generations to live and work. Interest on the debt has eroded the governments ability to fund its ownoperations and essential social services. Presently, thirty-five cents of everytax dollar the federal government raises is used for interest payments alone onthe debt. Though there have been operating surpluses within the federalgovernment, they have been eaten up by the debt interest payments. Few peopleunderstand the devastating effects of compound interest. The debt, at acompound rate of 10%, doubles in seven years, quadruples in fourteen years, andis eight times as much in twenty-one years. This creates great difficulty forgovernments to slow the debt, much less eliminate it. Our federal debt growsall by itself to the tune of approximately ninety million dollars every day. We will write a custom essay on The Debt: An Economic Catastrophe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This may seem hard to digest, but it is reality. The need for debt eliminationis vital if Canada wants to free up billions of dollars being spend on interestpayments. Two approaches may be taken to this. First, an increase ingovernment revenues through higher taxation may be considered. However, taxesare already at a point where some people feel they are working merely to pay thegovernment, rather than support themselves. Second, a restraint on governmentspending by means of cutbacks may be a path, possibly a difficult one, to theroad of eliminating our federal debt. Either way, it will be the young citizensof Canada that will have to pay for previous government overspending. Ournational debt, after all, is an internal debt, owed not only by the nation butto the nation. If our children have to pay the interest, they will pay thatinterest to themselves. (Franklin Delano Roosevelt)As our debt continues to increase, so do the taxes that Canadians are paying. Thirty-five percent of our taxes are being paid to reduce the debt, leaving therest to fund government programs such as health care, education, and jobcreation. For every benefit you receive a tax is levied. (Ralph WaldoEmerson) However, a long look must be taken at how the tax dollar isdistributed to various programs to determine which ones need more funding, andwhich should be receiving less. There is, by no means, excess money to spendfoolishly; that is what got Canada into the financial crisis it remains in today. But by restricting the growth of program payments, eliminating some programsand cutting back on others, and by having higher income individuals pay back agreater share, dollars are now being reassigned to the most essential programsand to needy Canadians. The battle to reduce tax waste and increase efficiencycontinues across all government departments. Nevertheless, Canadians now claimthey are being taxed to death. And the only way to stop this excessive taxationis for the government and citizens to work together to fight the debt, andsubsequently, less tax dollars will be needed to pull Canada out of thefinancial crisis it is in. There is no doubt that a debt-free country would be the greatest place in theworld to live and work. There would be adequate funding for job creation bymeans of public and private investment, tax dollars would be spent responsiblyand wisely, resulting in tax relief but still receiving essential services, andsocial spending would be prioritized to ensure the long-term survival of socialprograms that Canadians value and need. However, the position Canada is in nowgreatly differs from this. Canadians are out of work. Our government spendstoo much, owes too much, and taxes too much. This vicious cycle drains thelifeblood out of the economy, scares away private investors who create jobs, andmakes Canadian products less competitive. Taxes are too high. Government over-spending has led to enormous interest payments on the debt, driving up the taxburden on individual Canadians. And finally, our health care system is incritical condition. Out-of-control government spending is the greatest sin glethreat to health care and other social programs in Canada. As one can see, thedebt-free scenario is much more attractive. This would unquestionably draw morepeople to Canada to live, raise families, and work, consequently stimulating thefederal economy. .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 , .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .postImageUrl , .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 , .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:hover , .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:visited , .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:active { border:0!important; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:active , .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5 .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uecf0ba285fdd62d48e66477c5e89b5d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Enders Game EssayThe journey to a debt-free Canada will not be a short one. Nonetheless,measures must be taken to eliminate this economic catastrophe before it getsmore out of hand than it already is. We must learn to live within our means,and understand that we can no longer spend money we do not have. Some debtsare fun when you are acquiring them, but none are fun when you set aboutretiring them. (Ogden Nash)BibliographyEmerson, Ralph Waldo. Quotation Homepage: http:www.lexmark.com/data/quote-21.html. Nash, Ogden. Quotation Homepage: http:www.lexmark.com/data/quote-21.html. Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. Quotation Homepage:http:www.lexmark.com/data/quote-21.html.

Education Is the Powerful Weapon Essay Example

Education Is the Powerful Weapon Essay Example Education Is the Powerful Weapon Essay Education Is the Powerful Weapon Essay Notes from Provincial Meeting with Colgate-Palmolive re-Partnership for Oral Health Education: 19 May 2011: Natalia, Pietermaritzburg. 1. Welcome: Dr Zungu welcomed the representatives from Colgate – Palmolive and from National Department of Health: Oral Health Programme. The Head of Department acknowledged the work previously done by Colgate – Palmolive in the school based brushing program. Dr Zungu stated that the Province and the Department would benefit from this health promotion and prevention of dental carries programme, as part of re-engineering of PHC. Dr Zungu acknowledged the oral hygienists attending the meeting as leaders in oral health, especially promotion and prevention. 2. Present and Apologies Oral hygienists from each District, except Umzinyathi (where there are no Oral Hygienists), were present. Umzinyathi was represented by the Oral Health Programme coordinator. 3. PHC and Oral Health Ms Dalton restated the partnership as being part of health promotion and that oral health is an important component of PHC. The oral hygienists should be the leaders in enrolling the schools onto the programme, and re-enforcing messages through partnership with School Health Nurses, Dieticians and nutritional advisors, PHC Nurses and Department of Education. The initiative should be a District wide, and a District managed initiative. 4. Presentation by Ms Rowel from Colgate-Palmolive The project was outlined. Purpose: To establish oral health education in as many schools in KZN as possible within the funds available. Process: a) Each Health District in Partnership with Department of Education should identify schools, and introduce the education programme. b) A registration form with the details of school is required to be sent to Colgate – Palmolive. c) The required number of Oral Health Education School Kits will be sent to the school. d) The teachers will be given some training on the use of kits, lesson plans, etc. Target: Grade One pupil only, there are insufficient funds to extend at this time. Sustainability: The programme / project can only be sustained in partnership with the two Departments. Health Department will need to supplement toothpaste and brushes – as Colgate / Palmolive only provided the start up consumables. Indicators: Number of schools with brushing programmes (already on DHIS) Number of children exposed to Oral Health Education. Project outcomes Project should be a strategy to introduce and identify children for fissure sealants. Reduction in dental carries Reduction in tooth extractions in schools children. 5. Discussion |Item |Decision |Action by whom | |5. 1. Provincial target schools |Target the â€Å"Full service Schools† and |Dalton to write to District to inform| |Not all schools can be reached. Discussion was around whether to target the â€Å"Full |Quintile One schools. |them of the project, targets etc. | |service Schools† and Quintile One schools, or target the largest schools to enroll the| | | |maximum number of children; especially as some of the Quintile One schools are small | | | |schools. Another suggestion was Health Promoting schools, however Oral Health is | | | |already part of the criteria used. | | | |5. 2. Project Leaders |Oral hygienists would lead the project at|Dalton to write to District to inform| |Oral hygienists stated that this was their field, but would require District |District level. However a team approach |them of the project, targets, etc. | |Management support, especially to access consumables to sustain the Programme in |was essential | | |schools. | | | |Hygienists were reminded to work in teams with School Health Nurses, Dieticians and | | | |Nutritional Advisors, NPO’s and PHC Nurses. | | |There are no Oral Hygienists in Umzinyathi, the Oral Health Programme Coordinator | | | |would facilitate the project, it was suggested the District offer bursaries for this | | | |cadre. | | |5. 3. Funds for consumables to sustain brushing programmes. |Ms Dalton would undertake to ask Dr. |Dalton to add financial support to | |The brushing programmes started previously have stalled as it was not seen as a |Mansvelder if funds can be accessed. And |the letter to District Managers. | |priority in the financial constraints. And Hospital CEO’s were reluctant to let |to add financial support to the letter to|Dalton to ask Dr Mansvelder if some | |hygienists take consumables from Hospital premises to distribute to schools. |District Managers. |funds can be made available. | |It had been reported that there were funds available for PHC, this is truly a | | | |promotion and prevention intervention and should be funded. | | |5. 4. Fissure Sealants The project should be used be used to identify children in need |Oral Health Programme to monitor the |Vayej: Oral Health | |of sealants. |number of children being reached for | | |eThekweni District requires a light for the light cure sealant. |fissure sealant. | | | | | | | | | |In Uthukela there was a complaint that School Health Nurses are not identifying dental| | | |carries correctly, and over referring to dentists†¦ however no action to teach the |MCWH and Uthukela District to facilitate | | |Schools Health Nurses has been offered. |the School Health Teams being skilled to |Manickum, | | |recognise dental carries in children. Uthukela District Oral Health | | | |Coordinator. | |5. 5. Transport Oral Hygienists often experience challenges in accessing transport to |Dalton to write to District to inform |Dalton | |visit schools. |them of the project and need for | | |Oral hygienists can also at times travel with School Health Teams, or dieticians to |transport to be allocated for project | | |schools. | | | |5. 6. Stakeholders the following stakeholders must be involved at District level: |All stakeholders must be involved in the |Dalton to include in letter to | |School Health Teams, Community Care Givers, Oral Health Programme Co-odinator, |District Plan for the Project |Districts. | |District based Dietician, NPO’s, Dentists participating in the Colgate â€Å"Bright Smiles,| | | |Bright Futures† , and the PHC clinics nearest to the schools where the project | | | |commences. | | | |6. 7. District Plans: District plans involving all stakeholders are required to |Oral hygienists to approach Oral Health |Dalton to include in letter to | |finalise a Provincial plan and enable Colgate Palmolive to support the roll out in the|Coordinators in each District to maximize|Districts | |Province. |the project opportunity. | | |The â€Å"war rooms† must be included and informed about the project so that Community care| |District plans by end of June 2011. | |givers can participate at home and school level. | | | |6. 8. Indictors: New indicators would not be added to DHIS at this stage. The |The Oral Health coordinators are expected|Provincial Oral Health Programme to | |Quarterly reports from Districts include the number of brushing programme at schools. |to report on the project in the Quarterly|request inclusion of other indicators| | |report in the narrative section. |at a later stage. | 7. Closure: Colgate Palmolive was thanked for introducing the project and giving a â€Å"kick start† to Oral Health Education as part of PHC re-Engineering, and assisting the Province to move toward health promotion and prevention strategies. The Oral hygienists were thanked for being enthusiastic about their work and the project.

Oral and Verbal - Commonly Confused Words

Oral and Verbal - Commonly Confused Words The adjective oral means pertaining to speech or to the mouth. (The homophone aural, by the way, refers to listening and hearing.) The adjective verbal means pertaining to words, whether written or spoken (though verbal is sometimes treated as a synonym for oral). See the usage notes below. In traditional grammar, the noun verbal refers to a verb form that functions as a noun or a modifier rather than as a verb. Examples of Oral and Verbal Oral language has existed much longer than written language, and most people speak more often than they read or write. (Elizabeth Coelho, Adding English: A Guide to Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms, 2004)Although candidates with defective foreign speech were likely to be screened out early on by teacher training programs, even well-spoken Jewish immigrant girls frequently failed the oral exam. (Joyce Antler, The Journey Home: Jewish Women and the American Century. The Free Press, 1997)Copy is the verbal portion of an advertisement and may include headlines, sub-headlines, body copy, and signature. (William Pride and O.C. Ferrell, Marketing, 2006)Jargon is the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable. (David Lehman, Signs of the Times, 1991) Usage Notes [A]ll language is verbal, but only speech is oral. (Henry Hitchings, The Language Wars: A History of Proper English. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011)Oral communication is speech, conversation. Verbal ability is ones skill with words, and the verbal section of the SAT, the college entrance examination, tests a high school students knowledge of written language. . . .Verbal and oral are now so inextricably confounded that the tautological phrase verbal and written has become entrenched: The position requires . . . strong verbal and written communication skills (RenewableEnergyWorld.com) . . ..This may seem like a morass, but dont despair. Avoiding this accident of style is easier than you may think. Just remember that oral refers to spoken words, written refers to written words, and verbal refers to anything expressed in words, whether spoken or written. (Charles Harrington Elster, The Accidents of Style: Good Advice on How Not to Write Badly. St. Martins Press, 2010) Verbal  Redundancies The misuse of verbal for oral has a long history and is still common. Nevertheless, the distinction is worth fighting for, especially in legal prose. . . .Because verbal is always used in reference to words, verbal definition is redundant, as there can be no definition without words. . . . Similarly, verbal is redundant in such phrases as verbal promise, verbal denial, verbal affirmation, and verbal criticism, as these activities usually cannot occur without words. (Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1995) Practice Exercise Test your knowledge of the difference between oral and verbal by filling in the correct word. (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the _____ equivalent of jazz. (Bill Morgan, The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an _____ test as an alternative. (Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis. Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the  verbal  equivalent of jazz. (Bill Morgan,  The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an  oral  test as an alternative. (Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis.  Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Answers to Practice Exercises: oral and verbal. (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the verbal equivalent of jazz.(Bill Morgan, The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an oral test as an alternative.(Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis. Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words 200 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs

Home Depot Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Home Depot Case - Research Paper Example Further research reveals there is a top management challenge to develop a good Strategic Plan, one that will retain the accomplishments of the previous CEO in terms of process and at the same time add missing ingredients. HD needs a Strategic Plan that will provide the finest customer services across all branches and that will convince the financial analysts in the stock market to recommend HD shares so as to push up the prices of its shares of stock. To win in that challenge without much experimentation, it is advisable for the new CEO to tap one expert financial adviser who is familiar with the stock market and has contacts with financial analysts, and another expert in the field of Retail Management and Customer Relations for the industry wherein HD belongs. With these two experts, and with good relationship and coordination with the Board, the right performance indicators can be agreed upon. Once people are all directed towards the accomplishment of action plans in the Strategic Plan, Home Depot value of shares will soar to the satisfaction of the Stakeholders. II. Background A.Problem Statement After the resignation of Home Depot’s CEO, Robert Nardelli, who had served the organization from the years 2000-2006, the new CEO, Frank Blake, has to decide what to do in order to satisfy Home Depot Stakeholders who wanted the value of the corporation to increase. Re-stated in a question, what should be the strategies of the company to achieve desired results? B.Symptoms Although the profit margins and sales increased during the term of office of CEO Nardelli, and the number of store outlets grew yearly, the Stakeholders were not impressed and were in fact dissatisfied. The cumulative shareholders’ returns in 5 years was reported in the case to be at negative (-13%). This obliged them to tie up the income of the CEO to the share prices of Home Depot which have been down. In terms of financial performance, more details are in the Appendix Figure 1B. In one article by Simpson, Stephen D. (2006), the author noticed how sales growth of Lowe was much faster than that of Home Depot. He said: â€Å"All that said, it is clearly true that Lowe’s is the pluckier and faster growing of the two concepts. Sales in the 4th quarter climbed over 26%...and earnings per share rose nearly 36%. Certainly those numbers outstrip what Home Depot managed to accomplish.† Stephen furthermore added that it was generally known that Lowe’s had â€Å"better customer service†. Compared to Lowe in 2006, Home Depot was growing in sales by only 11.14%. C.Critical Factors The experiences of both CEOs Robert Nardelli and Frank Blake were not in the Retailing or Marketing Industry. Both came from GE or General Electric. Nardelli came from the Power Systems Division while Blake was a lawyer. Thus, the former CEO was good at cost cutting and improvements in the process, but weak in customer handling and probably even marketing. The new CEO, on the other hand, was faced by circumstances he did not have expertise on. Shareholders were dissatisfied by the relatively poorer performance of the share prices of Home Depot in the stock market. The graph showed HD shares declining in value. Checking on the financial side, it can be seen that Nardelli actually did a fine job of providing the profitability, growth in sales, and liquidity. Further research revealed the presence of an aggressive competitor, Lowe, which was penetrating the market of HD since it opted to expand by

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 48

English - Essay Example Then it gives a list of the site’s contents that also is the steps that you need to take to write a paper. These steps are decide on a topic, prepare an outline or diagram of your ideas, write your thesis statement, write the body with subheadings on how to do that, write the introduction, write the conclusion and add the finishing touches. This site is intended for ESL learners to help them improve their reading skills, but it can be used by native speakers who want help, too. The site offers several famous texts that you can read through to practice reading skills. What makes this better from just reading by yourself is that these are followed by vocabulary lists, vocabulary quizzes, comprehension quizzes and comments. It also makes graded papers available so that users can see where students have made their mistakes. This helps to make the uses of English understandable. This site is a grouping of lessons related to English grammar. There are six major sections. These are titled word and sentence level, paragraph level, essay and research paper level, ask grammar/search devices, peripherals and power points and grammarpoll/awards. Each section has a list of submenus that are appropriate to the main menu and are all designed to help users learn better

Collectivism vs. Individualism Essay Example for Free

Collectivism vs. Individualism Essay The research to examine the cultural norms of Korea as compared to that of US, is based on two particular core dimensions: United States as an individualistic country, and Korea as a collectivistic country. In fact, this is the first thing that comes to mind, knowing that collectivism vs individualism is a major characteristic that differentiates these two countries. Lifestyle and living arrangements In a study by Lee and Ro Um (1992), it is discussed about the major difference between Koreans and Americans in their evaluations of product attributes was the different weights each put on the importance of the family. Koreans tended to be more family oriented in their product evaluations than the Americans. This meant that the products were selected. Korea has a family-oriented culture. For a young couple, living with elders (parents) has been a cultural norm in Korea, although in United States this living style is unusual normatively and behaviorally. According to Korean National Statistics office, 1993, almost three out of four Koreans people aged 60 and over live with their children, a percentage of 74.7%. The percentage that lives with a spouse only is 13.2% and living alone, 10.6%. Explore the gaming culture of Korea Why South Korean people play games In South Korea more than half of the 50 million populations play online games frequently. Gaming in this country is not just a hobby but a way of life. Currently in the country are 10 professional gaming leagues which are sponsored from the successful corporations such as SK Telecom and Samsung.   According to a news article published CNN , in South Korea almost half of all games have been sold since the game launched in 1998. StarCraft is a legitimate business, ranking in hundreds of thousands of dollars in earning. According to a news article published in BBC [4], in South Korea games are nationally televised and they fill-up stadiums. Extremely popular is the multi-player gaming. Being a professional video-gamer is a serious business. They attract huge sums in sponsorship and can make more than $100,000 a year. Professional players in South Korea are treated like  sports stars. Some of the most famous players from league matches and sponsorship could earn more than $400,000 per year. South Korea hosts the annual World Cyber Games. The country registered more than 15 million people for online gaming, which is 30% of the population. Gaming Addiction and the Government Intervention in South Korea As a consequence as a strong video game culture, South Korea since early 2000s reports of addicted gamers dying or murdering loved ones in order to satisfy their addiction. When a mother tried to stop her son from playing games, he killed her. Approximately 14% of Koreans between ages 9 and 12 suffer from Internet addiction because there are cable channels devoted solely to the games.[5] South Korea has been treating the disorder for years. In 2002 the government opened an Internet-addiction treatment center. In 2005, a 28 years old South Korean man went into cardiac arrest and died after reportedly playing an online game called StarCraft for 50 hours straight. The man did not sleep properly and did not eat well. He just made few bathroom breaks and for very short periods of sleep. In 2006 the government opened a hotline for gaming addicts. Moreover, hundreds of private hospitals and clinics in the country opened specializes units to treat the disorder. In 2010 the government ordered a â€Å"nighttime shutdown† for gamers. This happened after police discovered a 3-month old baby who starved to death while her parents were busy with their virtual baby on a game. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ordered the three most popular operators of the games to block people under age 18 from playing games between midnight and 8 a.m. The government has significantly slowed down the Internet connections of young players if they play for lots of hours into the night. More over in the National Assembly several other bills were pending that would control kids gaming habits. Where South Korean people play games South Korean entertainment industry is note based on home entertainment system such us console video game system, home theater etc. Instead it is created outside of the home in various places called â€Å"Bangs†. Recently South Korean people play games in the country’s Internet cafes, known as â€Å"PC- Bangs†. The PC Bangs are especially dominant in big cities like Seol, where  is a density of population. It is important that the PC-Bang industry now can provide computers and Internet service to those that previously did not have the economic conditions to possess these technologies. Analysts consider that the social environment of the PC-Bang is the most important factor to make the PC Bang attractive and popular to users. Other factors are: the high-performance computers, high-speed internet connection and low fee usage. [6] Most bangs are cheap; the patrons pay an hourly fee, ranging from $1.00 to $1.50 USD an hour. In South Korea going to a bang is the sam e as going to the bar in USA. Economic Conditions According to an article in About.com , the industry of video game has a large share of South Korea’s GDP. â€Å"According to the Ministry of Culture, in 2008 the online-gaming industry earned $1.1 billion dollars in exports. Nexon and NCSOFT, South Korea’s two largest game development companies reported a combined net income of over $370 million in 2012. The entire game market is estimated at approximately $5 billion dollars annually, or about $100 per resident, which is more than three times what Americans spend. Games like StarCraft have sold over 4.5 million copies in South Korea, out of a worldwide total of 11 million.† The same article says that video games stimulate the black economy of the country. What they play Relatively a small number of games are played in South Korea, the most popular of them are: League of Legends, FIFA Online 3, Sudden Attack, Lineage, Dungeon Fighter, Blade Soul, Aion: The Tower of Eternity, Echo Soul, Cyphers, World of Warcraft, StarCraft, Warcraft 3. [9] StarCraft- The most popular game in South Korea of all the times is StarCraft. Star Craft is a military strategy game, which is developed by Blizzard Entertainment. [10] World of Warcraft (WOW) Another popular game at most of the time is the World of Warcraft, developed by Blizzard Entertainment. World of Warcraft is a massively multi-player online role-playing game or MMORPG.

The Study of Literature Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Study of Literature I finally understand the study of literature. As an English major, a reader/ writer/ poet who has spent a great deal of time reading the works of others and writing about them, I am reminded of something I have heard my father, a teacher, say repeatedly about the modern American attitude toward education. "Nobody learns just to learn," he observes sadly, pointing out the way in which students often view particularly higher education as some kind of training ground for a career. I know exactly what he means. Every time someone asks me what I plan to do with a degree in English, I am reminded of the inquisitive student who interrupts a classroom lecture to ask in earnest "Is this going to be on the test?" or the equally deplorable "Do we have to know this?" The clear message in these questions is that nobody wants to waste their precious time learning something that won't immediately benefit them in some way. The majority of students insist on expediency and efficiency in educatio n. Our goal oriented society has resulted in a student that retains necessary information in short term memory long enough to regurgitate onto an exam, pass the course, grab a degree, get a job, make money, prosper. Next. Occasionally, however, there comes the English major the enigmatic, bookworm type, who puzzles his classmates by carrying fiction while they tote science, mathematics, and Business. They examine this strange creature, fascinated by one who displays such a blatant disregard for wealth and success. They poke this animal, wondering why he would live this way, and what possible good can come from poetry. And once in a while, the prodding and gawking gets to him. The English major is forced to ... ...ve to know this?† my answer is a resounding â€Å"yes.† â€Å"Will this be on the test?† Daily. The test is daring to live in a world where sometimes it seems that all is lost. Love, friendship, sadness, grief, even contentment are better understood in the context of a heartfelt poem or story. Thoreau's Walden romanticized my isolation; however, it may have been Updike's Rabbit or Edith Wharton's sad portrayal of cold in Ethan Frome that brought me to that state. Poetry and literature are so passionate as to inspire the reader in spite of himself. I can no more control the effects they may have on me, than I can the way in which I react. They are practical guidelines, manuals of living. They can hurt or heal, create or destroy. When one has a better understanding, though, the experience is wonderfully enlightening. And I need to know. I use them everyday.

African American Reconstruction Essay

?Reconstruction in the 1800’s can have a lot of different meanings. For some the reconstruction was the rejoining of the two sides that fought in the civil war, the North and the South. For others in government it was the presidential reconstruction after the death of Lincoln. Most importantly for some reconstruction mean finally being a free man with right and who could vote and provide for his family. The African Americans were a big part of reconstruction, just being freed by the passing of the thirteenth amendment which was adopted on December 6, 1865. This new law stated â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. † Being freed was a step in the right direction for the African American, but anything not properly followed through with can end up undoing itself. Unfortunately for the African Americans in the south the progress towards freedom and citizenship and equality had hoped for took a terrible turn for the worse and most of their dreams were crushed. The north removing their army from the south to settle a dispute over who would be president undid what the 14th and 15th amendment were set to do and with no enforcement of them and the black codes life for the average African American remained one filled with difficulties and racism. In 1863 the emancipation proclamation was written to give freedom to all slaves in the rebel states, soon following that the Thirteenth amendment was passed. This Thirteenth amendment took the emancipation proclamation one step further and freed the slaves wherever they may be. Now the mass of newly freed African Americans in the South had to face the difficulties of getting a life started while being surrounded by many angry white Southerners. It granted them their freedom, but did nothing to guarantee them with voting rights, benefits, or the same opportunities as their white countrymen. Imagine you spent your whole life surrounded by people who considered you less than a person. To them you were just a mass of living space that only had the brain capacity to do simple jobs. Once you received a certain document, that says you are a full human being with all the capabilities of others, do you think those people would instantly accept this change and consider you an equal in society? When the civil war came to a close, the White Southerners moved quickly to put an end to the African American’s newfound freedom. They wanted a way to return African Americans back to what they were before the war, which were slaves. In order to do this without getting in too much trouble from the north they had to do it in a way that seemed neutral and fair to all races. Anyone with common sense however could tell that these laws were passed specifically to limit African Americans. These laws started out as what were commonly referred to as the black codes. These were a set of laws that were applied specifically to African Americans to help keep them in a form of slavery. Some of these laws were. â€Å"No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties†. â€Å"Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master†. â€Å"Servants must assist their masters â€Å"in the defense of his own person, family, premises, or property†. â€Å"No person of color could become an artisan, mechanic, or shopkeeper unless he obtained a license from the judge of the district court – a license that could cost $100 or more. † These laws however didn’t stick around forever and then the Jim Crow Laws were put into place. The Jim Crow laws stated that it is okay for African Americans and whites to be separate as long as they were equal. Even the Supreme Court said that Jim Crow Laws were constitutional even though the stuff that the African Americans got was so much less quality. â€Å"For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them. † This quote was stated by the name of Houston Hartsfield Holloway following the passing of the thirteenth amendment. Most of these African Americans didn’t know how to be free and adapting to this new life was extremely difficult. These Freeman had to now face the difficult task of not only dealing with the racism of the white southerners living around then but also needed to get jobs. The freedman bureau was then created to try and help newly freed slaves get on their feet. The freedman bureau created March 3, 1865 main focus was to† provide food and medical care, to help the freedmen to resettle, to ensure justice for the freedmen, to manage abandoned or confiscated property, to regulate labor, and to establish schools. † Now that it was legal for these newly freed men to learn, establishing school in which they could learn was very important. These schools would help them learn trades and skills to help them get jobs. While the freedman’s bureau did not establish schools itself, it coordinated and helped to finance the activities of northern societies committed to black education. It is stated in the Voices of Freedom book written by Eric Foner that by the year 1969 only four years after the thirteenth amendment was passed nearly 3000 schools were established in the south. More impressive than that, these schools have more than 150000 pupils. The bureau was able to give former slaves most of the basics like food, shelter, clothing, and a way to make a living. Without being given the basics there is no way the African Americans would ever be able to take care of themselves and support their families. They needed help adapting to the new freedoms they were given, just as white men had to adapt to them being free, (although most of the time white men still treated them like dirt). The passing of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments helped to make great strides towards equality for African Americans. This amendment was the â€Å"heart† of Congress’ reaction to Johnson’s reconstruction plan and said that all people born in the United States are citizens. This upturned the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. In this case it stated that persons of African descent were not citizens and therefore not entitled to constitutional rights. On top of that it also prohibited states from revoking â€Å"life, liberty or property† without due process of law. Finally it required states to guarantee equal protection under the law. All states were required to ratify it. It was of course to get some of the southern states to ratify a law like this that on top of giving freedom to African Americans would also give them civil rights. Just because the fourteenth amendment said something, which did not mean that it would be enforced. The Military and Reconstruction Act of 1867 however, was passed to make sure that it was. The funny thing about this act is, on the very last day of session for congress, and the congress that was currently fighting with the current president to the point where they tried to kick him out of office overrode his veto and had it passed. The Ten Confederate States that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment were divided into five military districts. Each military district was put under the direction of a military governor authorized to appoint and remove state officials. Voters were registered, and suffrage was extended to freedmen. State constitutional conventions were called, and elected delegates were charged with drafting new constitutional provisions providing for black suffrage. Finally, states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission. The congress didn’t stop here however; they later passed even more military reconstruction acts. â€Å"The new acts directed military commanders to register voters, call conventions, and organize elections, rather than wait for state officials to act. In the face of recalcitrance from Johnson’s executive branch and white southerners attempting to subvert the law, Congress in July 1867 passed a third Reconstruction Act, declaring the existing state governments in the South illegal and subject to military control and the U. S. Congress. † In an attempt to delay the creation of new state governments, some southern whites turned to a provision of the first Reconstruction Act requiring that a majority of registered voters was necessary to ratify a new constitution and called for a boycott of the ratifying election. On March 11, 1868, Congress passed a fourth and final Reconstruction Act that allowed a majority of those voting to ratify a new constitution, regardless of the size of the attendance. President Johnson, being the leader of this nation at the time, worked to delay and obstruct the army from enforcing these laws. The main job of the fifteenth amendment was to give the right of vote to any male of any race. Section two of this article also said â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. † This sounds great at first that the African Americans will not be able to vote with no problems. This, as good as it looked in writing, would ultimately fail in some places due to the terrorist threats that were places upon African Americans who planned on voting. During reconstruction African Americans were brandished political power in the south for the first time. Most of these men were those who either lived in the north or lived abroad, and were educated. Before holding political power most were either lawyers or teachers. Black political power was unfortunately short-lived. Northern politicians grew increasingly conciliatory to the white South, so that by 1872 virtually all leaders of the Confederacy had been pardoned and were again able to vote and hold office. The white men were able to take back the south by putting economic pressure on the blacks and by threatening them. One of the biggest ways in which the blacks were threatened was by the Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK. The Ku Klux Klan was originally organized in the winter of 1865-66 in Pulaski, Tennessee as a social club by six Confederate veterans. It started out small and was kept secret at first. When the Klan was first formed they had no violent intentions in mind. After they had a large amount of growth however it turned from a group of people into a terrorist organization. The Klan systematically murdered black politicians and political leaders. It beat, whipped, and murdered thousands, and intimidated tens of thousands of others from voting. The African Americans of course tried to fight back to this injustice at first but because they were outnumbered and had no guns, they didn’t have a chance. â€Å"A 103-year-old woman was whipped, as was a completely paralyzed man. In Georgia, Abraham Colby, an organizer and leader in the black community, was whipped for hours in front of his wife and children. † The KKK’s main objective was white supremacy but President Grant responded to their attacks. In the year 1868 Ulysses S. Grant ran for office and used the slogan â€Å"let us have peace†. After getting the fifteenth amendment passed, the Enforcement Acts were passed, which made it a crime to interfere with registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of blacks. Because of this new law over a 1000 members of the KKK who violated it and interfered were convicted. On top of this act to protect the African Americans there was also the Ku Klux Klan act. These new acts made it so it was okay for the government to interferer and help put a stop against terrorist acts. This act although it did help a little was not greatly enforced. In the year of 1876 was the presidential election of Samuel J. Tilden vs. the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. In this election Hayes ended up winning the popular vote, but as far as electoral votes went it was a tie. This was a big problem and a hard decision to appease until there was the Compromise of 1877. This Compromise would swing the vote away from the Democrats and to the Republicans in return for the removal of all remaining troops from the south. It was on that day that the period of reconstruction would end and the reconstruction for African American would begin to go backwards in the south. Africans Americans were given a sliver of hope and promised to be free equal man just to have the government not follow up on its promise. With all of the troops now removed from the south there was no one there to help protect them or to enforce the laws in which gave them freedoms and rights. They never did go completely back to the way it was before the civil war, but because of how in those net couple of years segregation and discrimination could have been eliminated it is just as tragic. African American Reconstruction helped lay out a great pathway for African Americans to become truly equal and free men in the United Stated. Unfortunately because of their not being enough support from the government they would get to walk down that path to equality for many years later.

Leadership Management Essay

Introduction In this report, a research regarding leadership was conducted through observation and interviewing of an effective leader. The leader that was chosen for this research report is Tan Kee Boon Valdric. Valdric was a commissioned officer in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Singapore Armed Forces is a military organisation and its main purpose is to protect Singapore from any form of external threats. Upon commission, he was assigned to be the platoon commander for my platoon during national service in the 40th Singapore Armour Regiment (40SAR) and later on in our reservist unit at 473 Singapore Armour Regiment (473 SAR). By observing and interviewing him, the observation and interview results were compared with each other to see if there was any coherence in the results. These results were later compared in the reflection portion of this report to identify the complexities of leadership, the new understanding that was gained from this research and how undertaking this research and gaining new understanding of leadership would benefit my leadership abilities. Observation during National Service and Reservist As a platoon commander, Valdric would often plan and conduct many activities, exercises and trainings in camps. While planning for such activities, he would have to assign tasks to various personnel to complete the different tasks required of such activities. For instance, when conducting an Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT), he would have to assign personnel to do various tasks required for the activity to proceed smoothly. When conducting such routine test activities in camp, he would often just assign tasks to soldiers in the platoon without further explanation as most of the people in the platoon are experienced and competent in doing the tasks. However, when assigning tasks to the newer inexperienced soldiers in the platoon, he would often give advices and guide them. For instance, when he was assigning tasks to the new batch of inexperienced sergeants who had just completed their training course, he would follow them and guide them accordingly on how to go about completing their tasks and encourage them. This changing leadership style based on the level of experience of personnel under him can be seen as a form of situational leadership II. Situational Leadership II is a model of contingency leadership in which leaders select different leadership based on their behaviour and the level of competency and capability of group members whom they are leading (Dubrin 2011). According to Blanchard (2010), situational leadership II model has four leadership styles which are namely directing, coaching, supporting and delegating which effective leaders adopt based on matching the level of competence of their group members. In Valdric’s case, when assigning tasks to the new inexperienced sergeants, he could be seen as choosing to exhibit a coaching leadership style which requires more supportive and directive behaviours and while assigning tasks to experienced personnel, he would exhibit a delegating leadership style which requires a less supportive and directive behaviour of the leader. Based on this observation, it could be seen that Valdric applies the Situational Leadership II model to alter his leadership style based on the level of competence and experience of his personnel. When problems or difficulty arises during activities or duties, Valdric would always keep calm and be open to suggestion for ideas and would accept any idea that sounds feasible in handling the problems or difficulties that arises. By keeping his composure and accepting feasible ideas suggested by those in the platoon, it can be seen as having self-confidence and flexibility which are some of the personality traits of an effective leader (Lussier & Achua 2009). On a few occasions, difficulties such as a sudden vehicle breakdown occurred during training. Instead of panicking, he kept his composure and called the sergeants and commanders together to discuss what they should do. Valdric would often decide upon a solution through participative discussion and consultation of personnel that are of lower ranking, usually the sergeants, in the platoon. During the planning of training programmes, which was something he had to do monthly, he would always discuss with the other commanders, the sergeants, in the platoon and decide on what training programmes they should include for the upcoming month. Participative leadership style in decision making is a style in which the leader would discuss and consult with members of a lower rank in the group before making a decision (Barman 2009). It can be seen that Valdric exhibits this participative leadership style through his use of participative discussion and consultation in planning training programmes. Valdric was always planning and thinking of ways to improve the platoon’s efficiency in terms of expertise skill levels and physical fitness which are crucial attributes required of soldiers in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). He would always plan new goals and visions to constantly improve the platoon’s expertise skill level and fitness and then communicate and inspire the platoon about the importance of constant. This constant seeking of improvement through creating new goals and visions to improve the platoon and efficiency of the military organisation could be seen as exhibiting a socialized charismatic leadership style. Socialized charismatic leaders are leaders who would use their influential powers to try and motivate groups and people in the organisation to improve organisation effectiveness and efficiency (Gardner, Avolio and Walumbwa 2005). Valdric’s desire to constantly improve the skill level of the platoon in order to help improve the progress and efficiency of the SAF is similar to a socialized charismatic leadership style. Interview Results An interview was conducted to find out more about how Valdric felt about his leadership characteristics and what he thinks are some of the leadership characteristics required to be an effective leader. Through the interview, a better understanding of his leadership characteristics and experiences was captured. From the interview, Valdric felt that some personality traits like self-confidence, trustworthiness and flexibility were key personality traits required to be an effective leader. He believed that self-confidence was required as he felt that leaders should have a certain level of confidence in order to lead. The second trait that he believed was a pre-requisite for effective leaders was trustworthiness as he felt that effective leaders need to build trust between his followers and himself in order to effectively lead them. Flexibility was another personality trait that he felt was important as he believed that leaders should be flexible so that they can change their leadership styles depending on the different environment and situation they are required to work in. Based on the interview results regarding personality traits, it can be seen that personality traits of self-confidence and flexibility are consistent of what with the observations results in which personality traits of self-confidence and flexibility was observed in Valdric. Another finding obtained from the interview session with Valdric was that he would change his leadership style based on the level of experience and expertise of the group members that he led. Valdric believed that group members who are inexperienced and lacking in skill required more nurturing and support from leaders and in such situations, leaders should give more specific instructions and support to help group members to gain experience and learn the skills required for the job efficiently. When questioned about another scenario in which he was leading a group which consists of experienced and skilled members, Valdric mentioned that he would switch to a less directive leading style in which he would be less specific in terms of giving instructions but he would continue to support his group members in terms of motivating them and encouraging them to keep the morale level within the group high. This finding is coherent with the observations results regarding how Valdric manages and assigns tasks to personnel in the platoon based on their level of experience. Based on the observation and interview results, it can be seen that Valdric uses the contingency approach to leadership to lead effectively. The alteration of leadership style based on the level of experience of the group they are leading is based on the situational leadership II model (Hellriegel and Slocum 2007). Valdric also felt that leaders should have different leadership styles and the ability to match the correct leadership style to the correct situation. He felt that given a situation, if the leader chooses the incorrect style to lead, it would wane the effectiveness of situational leadership. Another important role for leaders is decision-making for the group or organization. Valdric felt that decisions made by leaders would affect the effectiveness of the group or organisation which they are leading. In his opinion, the decision made by the leader should be a decision which is agreed upon by majority of the individuals in the group or organisation. To achieve this, Valdric mentioned that he often call for meetings with group members to discuss about issues and problems before he makes a decision. This was coherent with the observations results. Both the observation and interview results converge to show that Valdric uses group participation in decision-making. The use of such meetings to discuss ideas and suggestions before the leader makes a decision can be seen as a form of participative leadership style in decision-making. A leader exhibiting participative style involves his group members in the decision-making process by allowing group members to voice their opinions before the leader himself makes the final decision (Saxena 2009). However, Valdric mentioned that there are some disadvantages in the use of participative leadership styles during decision-making. In situations when there are a wide range of differing opinions in the group, it can be extremely difficult to obtain a consensus on a decision that is accepted by everyone in the group. Furthermore, he also mentioned that in situations when a decision needs to be made quickly, this leadership style would not be as effective as it tends to consume too much time before the leader makes a decision. Reflection and Improvement From this assignment, I have learnt about the various complexities of leadership through analysing and reflecting on the observation and interview results. From analysing the observation and interview results a comparison can be made between my findings regarding the complexities of various leadership styles and the theories taught in this leadership and management course. Based on my observation and interview results regarding participative leadership style, I learnt that although leaders exhibiting this style allows group members to have a feel of participation in the decision-making process and creates a sense of belonging to the group which further drives them to work harder for the leader, this style may become ineffective when there are various differences in opinion and it is often too time consuming. This is coherent with the theories regarding the complexities of democratic leadership style or participative leadership style. One of the common problem that leaders exhibiting participative leadership style during decision making was that such the use of such group meeting requires too much time (eds Muenjohn, Boucher & Tran 2010). This shows that what I have learnt and understand through the conducting of this research is coherent with the theories that I have learnt in this leadership and management course. Another similarity in finding which I have made from this research that is coherent with leadership theories is regarding the situational leadership II model in which leaders selects an appropriate style of leadership based on the level of experience of the members in the group which they are leading. From the observation and interview results, I have learnt that in order for situational leadership to be effective, a leader has to be flexible enough to change his leadership style to correctly match the situation. If a leader is not able to match his leadership style to the situation effectively, the effectiveness of situational leadership would be diminished and the use of this model for leadership could result in more problems rather than effectiveness. This is consistent with what was mentioned in the theories regarding the effective use of situational leadership styles such as the situational leadership II model. For situational leadership model II to be effective, leaders have to be able change their leadership style, in terms of supporting and directing, to match the level of experience of the group members they are leading (eds Muenjohn, Boucher & Tran 2010). A failure to do so would bring about an effective leader that would hinder the development of their group members or followers and indirectly affect the development of the organization as a whole (Blanchard 2010). Based on this, it can be seen that the findings that I have made regarding leadership styles such as participative leadership style and situational leadership is similar to what is taught in the theories in the course. In the process of conducting this research, I have learnt that many of the leadership styles are useful but they have flaws as well. Most leadership styles are effective if used at the correct time. However, if a leadership style is used inappropriately, it may bring about more problems and lead to leadership ineffectiveness. For instance, from this research, I have learnt that the use of participative leadership style in decision making is effective in helping the group makes a decision that is based on consensus of everyone. However, the use of participative leadership style in decision making may become ineffective when a decision has to be made quickly. One of the flaws of a participative style of leadership in the decision making process is that it often requires too much time before a consensus on the decision is made (eds Muenjohn, Boucher & Tran 2010). Other than the use of participative leadership style, the use of contingency approach of leadership styles would also lead to ineffectiveness if leaders use the wrong contingency leadership style for the wrong situation. For example, situational leadership II requires leaders to use appropriate leadership styles that can be more supportive or directive based on the level of competency and experience of the group members (Hellriegel & Slocum 2007). Based on situational leadership II, an effective leader would adopt a leadership style that is more directive and supportive when leading group members who are inexperienced. However, if a leader uses a leadership style that is less directive and supportive instead of one that is more directive and supportive, it may bring about ineffectiveness among the group due to ineffective leadership. In the process of conducting this research, I have understood that leading a group of people effectively is not a simple task. In order to be an effective leader, an individual has to learn how to effectively manage the group of people he is assigned to lead. In organisations, members of the organisations tend to have varying characteristics, working style, behaviour and experiences. Leaders would probably have to lead groups of people with varying characteristics or work with different groups of people throughout their lives. In order to be an effective leader, a leader has to be able to switch their leadership style to one that matches the people or situation they are leading in order to be effective. To be able to lead groups effectively regardless of situation, flexibility in a leader is required. According to Gamage (2006), effective leaders are usually flexible, allowing them to alter their leadership styles to one that is most appropriate and effective in whatever situation they are in. This means that for a leader to be able to use the contingency approach to leadership and be effective, flexibility is essential. Personally, other than the time I was serving National Service as a sergeant, I did not really have many opportunities to take on a leadership role. Hence, from this research, I have gained many insights that would be extremely useful for my leadership practice in the future. The importance of flexibility is one of the key takeaways from this research. During the time that I was serving National Service, I tend to use the same leadership style to lead my soldiers regardless of situation as I believed that it was the most appropriate and suitable leadership style for me. However, through this assignment, I learnt that there are many leadership styles that are effective and that a leader should be flexible to change their leadership style to one that best fits the situation in order to become an effective leader. Reddin (1970, cited in Gamage 2006, pp. 102) mentioned that the effectiveness of leadership styles depends on the situation. This means that leadership styles can either be effective or ineffective based on the situation in which they are used. If a leadership style is used in the wrong situation, it would be ineffective. However, if the same leadership style were to be used in an appropriate situation, it would be seen as an effective leadership style. What is important is that the leader needs to know which leadership style is appropriate for whatever situation they are given. From this, I have learnt that flexibility is an important trait that leaders should possess or develop and developing flexibility would allow me to be able to use the contingency approach of leadership styles better. Other than flexibility, another key takeaway that I have obtained from this research that would help me in my future leadership role was the understanding of using a contingency approach of leadership which requires me to select the correct leadership style for whichever situation in order to be an effective leader. Based on the theories taught in this course and the results of this research, I have come to an understanding that there are no ineffective leadership styles. All leadership styles are effective and the only reason why some people view certain leadership styles as ineffective is because they fail to match the correct leadership style to the situation (eds Muenjohn, Boucher & Trans 2007). From this, I learnt that there is no such thing as ineffective leadership style and that I should focus on matching leadership styles to situations in order to be an effective leader in the future. Conclusion In conclusion I believe that in order to be an effective leader, one must be able to understand the complexities of leading and how to handle these complexities. The leadership theories taught in this course and the insights gained from conducting this research has allowed me to gain a better understanding of some of these complexities of leadership. Some of the key takeaways that I have gained from this research were the importance of flexibility in a leader and the use of contingency approach to leadership style especially the situational leadership II model. The theories in this course have provided me with a basic understanding on leadership and through conducting this research, it further reinforced what I have learnt and understood from the course by allowing me to observe the application of some of the leadership theories. Through the observations and interview, I have learnt about various complexities of some of the leadership theories such as using a participative leadership style in the decision making process and the use of situational leadership II model. I believe that this understanding and knowledge that I have attained would greatly benefit me in my future endeavours as a leader. Reference List Barman, K 2009, Leadership Management: Achieving Breakthroughs, Global Indian Publications, New Delhi. Blanchard, K 2010, Leading at a Higher Level: Blanchard on Leadership and Creating High Performance Organizations, FT Press, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Dubrin, AJ 2011, Essentials of Management, 9th edn, Cengage Learning, USA. Gamage, DT 2006, Professional Development for Leaders and Managers of Self-Governing Schools, Springer, Netherlands. Gardner, WL, Avolio, BJ and Walumbwa, FO (eds.) 2005, Authentic leadership theory and practice: origins, effects and development, Elseiver, USA. Hellriegel, D and Slocum, JW 2007, Organizational Behaviour, 11th edn, Thomson South-Western, USA. Lussier, RN and Achua, CF 2009, Leadership: Theory, Application & Skill Development, 4th edn, Cengage Learning, USA. Muenjohn, N, Boucher, C and Tran, N (eds.) 2010, Leadership and Management, Cengage Learning, Melbourne. Saxena, PK 2009, Principles of Management: A Modern Approach, Global India Publications, New Delhi. Appendix Interview Questions 1) What are some of the skills that you think a leader should possess? Why? 2) What are some of the traits that you think an effective leader should possess? Why? 3) What are some of the leadership roles that you think leaders have and which leadership role do you think is the most important? 4) When making decisions for your group as a leader, would you consult your group members before making a decision? Why? 5) Between building relations with group members and completing the task, which do you think is more important for a leader? 6) What are some of the ways by which you motivate people in your team as a leader? 7) How would you describe your leadership style as? 8) In your opinion, should an effective leader change his leadership style to match different situations or stick with the same leadership style for all situations? 9) When leading a group of inexperienced member, would you alter your leadership style to cater to them? 10) When leading a group of highly experienced and skilled personnel, how would your leadership style be different? 11) Do you think an effective leader should be more directive or supportive? 12) If there was a conflict among members in your group, how would you attempt to resolve the conflict? 13) Do you think that constant improvement is required for leaders and their groups to be effective? 14) Is effective communication required for a leader to lead his group effectively?

City and the Soul Plato Essays

City and the Soul Plato Essays City and the Soul Plato Essay City and the Soul Plato Essay How compelling is the city-soul analogy and to what extent does the picture of â€Å"Platonic justice† that emerges from it differ from conventional justice? Much has been written about the inadequacy of the city-soul analogy in establishing what justice is, and further about how Plato fails to adequately connect his vision of justice to the conventional one and so is unable to address the original challenge. I mean to show that the city-soul analogy is in fact compelling, or at least that is it sufficiently adequate to allow us to move on to a discussion of how Platonic justice compares to conventional justice. At that point I will attempt to show that Platonic justice is relevant to the challenge posed to Socrates, and that despite objections to the contrary the Platonic and conventional views are sufficiently aligned to allow Socrates to conclude that he has shown that it is better to be just than unjust. Vlastos, and others, argue that describing the city as just is simply a generalization about its members, and so the city is not just in the same way that a person is just. I wish to argue, as Wilson does, that there are other grounds for Plato to attribute justice to the city. As Wilson puts it, â€Å"[Plato’s] central question is not the analytical philosopher’s question ‘What does ‘justice’ mean? ’, but the substantial question ‘What is justice? ’†. Thus, it is wrong to criticize the Republic as one would criticize a formal argument towards a definition, as Plato is actually searching for what justice actually is. Wilson’s doctor metaphor is helpful: Plato is investigating the nature of justice just like doctors inquire into the nature of a disease. Doctors notice a variety of systems and become convinced they are caused by a single underlying condition, to which they attribute a name. Eventually someone discovers this underlying condition and the initial assumption is justified. In this way, something like polio can be understood, not by investigating the meaning of the word polio but by looking at possible examples of it and by studying its nature. Plato, Wilson argues, is doing something similar with justice. What is it that makes the connection between justice in a city and justice in an individual plausible? To avoid the objections to the city-soul analogy, it is important that justice and other virtues not be found in the city only in a derivative way, that is, only as a generalization about the city’s members. Luckily, Plato is able to avoid this method. Wilson proposes that Plato does so by equating the structural features of the soul and of the city. Then, when some virtue V is indicated by certain characteristics C of a city, and by those same characteristics C of a soul, and that after inquiry we find that the structural feature of both the city and the soul that gives rise to C is the same structural feature S, then like the doctor we can conclude with certainty that V is S. Whether or not Plato successfully equates the structural features of the soul and the city is a large question, but he certainly thinks that he does. I do not mean to go into a discussion of this separate question here, but just wish to have shown that the use of the city-soul analogy is perfectly reasonable, since it provides an adequate method for investigating the nature of justice. Another potential problem Plato faces is the connection of Platonic justice to conventional views of justice. The original challenge is to show that it is better for a man to be just than unjust, regardless of anything else. This question would certainly not be sufficiently answered by inventing a new definition of justice that was unconnected from conventional views of justice, for example if the new definition permitted acts that commonly would be considered unjust; it is necessary for Plato to demonstrate a connection between Platonic and conventional justice. This issue comes most pointedly from Sachs, who asserts that Plato has to prove two different things: ) A Platonically just person will always act in conventionally just ways b) Someone who is conventionally just will necessarily also be Platonically just In other words, Sachs is of the opinion that Plato must equate Platonic justice to conventional justice in both directions, so that anyone who is one will necessarily be the other. Sachs claims Plato is aware of the need to prove a), though does not do a great job of doing so, but never mentions any need to show that b) is also true. I would argue that proving b) is unnecessary to establish Plato’s argument. Plato wishes to show that it is always better to behave justly, and Sach’s point is that Plato needs to show that someone who is conventionally just will always be better off than someone who is conventionally unjust, and so that person who is conventionally just must be Platonically just. However, I think that this is not actually required of Plato, as it is possible to think of cases where someone who meets the definition of conventionally just is not actually a just person in the way Socrates and the group are considering. As Sachs describes, the vulgar or conventional conception of justice is the idea of not doing certain acts. According to this definition, it would be possible to act in a conventionally just way- not simply seem just, but actually act in a way that makes one just- while in fact being unjust so that even those who hold the conventional view of justice would agree that such a person was unjust. As an example consider an â€Å"incompetent evildoer†. Such a person might have horrible intentions, but every single time he does a bad thing he not only fails to complete the action but fails to do so at all. Every action he does is a just action, and he never does any actions that are considered unjust, yet he has terrible intentions and constantly desires to harm others. He not only seems conventionally just to everyone around him, he actually is conventionally just because this vulgar, conventional view of justice is simply concerned with how he acts. It seems, however, that he is not a just person. Plato does not need to show that this man is someone who is Platonically just, and he very clearly is not. Thus, Plato is not required to demonstrate b), because there are some people who meet the definition of conventionally just but are not just in the sense that Socrates and company are discussing- they want to establish that it is better to be just, and would all agree that the incompetent evildoer is not just although he technically meets the conventional definition. On the other hand, it is important that Plato prove a). At first glance, it seems entirely plausible that someone with inner psychic harmony may be capable of stealing, murdering, or committing other unjust actions. This would totally invalidate Plato’s argument, as it would do nothing to show that everyone should act in what Glaucon and Adeimantus think of as a right way. So it is necessary to demonstrate that someone who is Platonically just will also be conventionally just, that is, everyone who has a well-ordered soul must always act in ways that we think of as just. I argue that an adequate proof of a) does exist for Plato, even if he himself does not include it. As Demos says, â€Å"mathematicians often skip steps in an inference, thinking them obvious†, and even though Plato may fail to provide the proof of a) himself, he is still justified in believing it. Demos gives a good way of approaching the defense of this point. Basically, the soul of the Platonically just person is ruled by reason, which is both a desire and an appreciation of the truth and of the good. This good which reason aims at involves justice, and aiming at the good means also aiming at the production of good things. So, an individual aiming at justice cares not only for justice abstractly, but is concerned with justice being embodied in humans in general. For the soul to be healthy requires its reason to be fulfilled, and reason’s concern is that the good should be exemplified everywhere. Being inwardly just means wanting everyone to have his due, and that means not committing the types of actions that are thought of as conventionally unjust. While this does not thoroughly prove a), it seems to show that the aims of an inwardly, Platonically just person will require them to be externally, and thus conventionally, just as well. Annas follows Sachs in insisting that Plato fails to prove a), and further thinks that there is no possible link between Platonic and conventional justice. One particular criticism is Plato’s view of truth-telling, which she sees as devastatingly inconsistent. As she points out, Plato would allow for the Guardians to occasionally tell lies, but the working class may not. She sees a big issue with the fact that the Guardians â€Å"cannot bear to be deceived, but they sometimes deceive others†. This criticism, however, seems to rest on an apparently quite stringent deontological view. I believe that Plato’s idea of the occasional rightness of lying fits perfectly well with conventional morality. Consider: i) Truth-telling in general is good ii) Lying is occasionally acceptable I would argue that conventional morality would accept both i) and ii), or at the very least, since some people might not accept ii), that it is at least an open question of conventional morality of whether ii) is acceptable. Certain times, it seems, lying is an obviously right act, such as the case of the murderer at the door inquiring about the whereabouts of his victim. Plato, I take it, takes a more consequentialist view of morality and would agree with both i) and ii). Because of the difficulty of saying when it is acceptable to lie and when it is not (both ethically, as it is hard to define exactly in which cases it is acceptable, and logically, as if everyone knows lying is allowed in certain cases the lie won’t be believed anyway), it is better to encourage a general culture of truth-telling but to permit some exceptions, and for Plato the way that makes most sense to balance on that fine line is to state that people shouldn’t lie, but in some instances the Guardians may. Thus, it is not the case that it is an inconsistency, but in fact Plato’s idea of truth-telling fits in well with conventional views of morality. Platonic justice aligns with conventional justice. Another objection, raised by Annas and others, is to ask why the Platonically just philosophers Plato imagines might not steal in order to fund their intellectual pursuits. If these pursuits are so important to their lives, wouldn’t they feel it right to take money through any means necessary to allow themselves to continue with their life goals? One possible response, following from Demos’ argument, is that being Platonically just involves not being selfish. Someone with a well-ordered, just soul would put the general good above their own personal good, since the form of reason mentioned above would guide their actions. Selfishly stealing from others to pursue their own goals would contradict those very goals. Similarly, another objection is that philosophers would avoid ruling in favor of intellectual pursuits if society needed them and asked them to rule, but the same reasoning applies. The goal of pursuing intellectual reasoning would in fact be contradicted by so selfishly avoiding this duty. The very reason they would want to develop and explore would require them to do the (conventionally) just thing and take on the responsibility of ruling. In this way again, Platonic justice coheres with the more conventional form. I hope to shown that the city-soul analogy is at least adequate as a tool for exploring justice and discovering its nature. While it may not be very useful in giving a technical definition, it does its job as far as it needs to in understanding what justice is. Accepting this allows us to move on to discuss Platonic justice, which I hope I have demonstrated to entail conventional justice. Despite the irrelevance objections of Sachs, Annas, and others, I have argued that Plato’s account of justice is sufficient to respond to the challenge set out at the beginning of the Republic.